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Psychology — Pénélope Delaur

Rimbaud, narcissism and emotional dependency in an infernal delirium


In a ‘Delirium’ (A Season in Hell), Rimbaud describes, in the form of a brutally authentic confession, the torture of a ‘foolish Virgin’ emotionally dependent on her narcissistic and ‘infernal Bridegroom’. Most of the analyses conducted demonstrate the autobiographical nature of the poem. In terms of French analysis, Suzanne Bernard, for example, questions whether the ‘infernal Bridegroom’ is a portrayal of the accursed poet, Rimbaud, while the ‘foolish Virgin’ depicts Rimbaud’s sweet beloved, Verlaine. Or, as Marcel A. Ruff phrases it, she is the hallucinating soul of Rimbaud’s earlier self, consumed by a later, freed, Rimbaud. Pierre Brunel eventually concluded it was a ‘text with numerous meanings’, which is a common approach to Rimbaud’s writings.

In any case, any such debate seeking to define the real protagonists who inspired the depicted relationship in ‘Foolish Virgin – Infernal Bridegroom’, has completely overlooked the use of psychological and sociological studies to dissect the power dynamics at play within that relationship. Yet the text illustrates with great violence the gender inequalities maintained by a vicious patriarchal society. Feminist authors Mona Chollet and Eva Illouz denounced such manipulative situations in their respective essays, Reinventing Love and Why love hurts. Rimbaud’s poem is also a very valuable and modern piece for it addresses contemporary interpersonal psychotherapy. Whoever the ‘foolish Virgin’ and the ‘infernal Bridegroom’ were, the protagonists should have started couple’s therapy, and it would have proven to be a long and tedious process.



Foolish Virgin

The Infernal Bridegroom

Let’s hear the confession of a comrade in hell.
‘O heavenly Bridegroom, my Lord, do not refuse the confession of the sorriest of your handmaids. I’m lost. I’m drunk. I’m impure. What a life!
‘Forgive me, heavenly Father, forgive me! Ah! forgive me! How many tears! And how many more tears later, I hope!
‘Someday, I will know the heavenly Bridegroom. I was born surrendered to Him – the other can beat me now!
‘Now I’m at the end of the world. O my friends!... No, not my friends... Never madness or tortures like these... How stupid!
‘Ah! I suffer, I cry out. I really suffer. Yet, everything is permitted to me, burdened with the contempt of the most contemptible hearts.


Fear of being alone

The foolish Virgin, a handmaid, who has surrendered to this man, would rather endure the violence of hellish punishments than live as the widower of an infernal Bridegroom – even though she would be granted a heavenly alternative. She would rather drink her sullied tears than live a dry, skeletal life.



‘At any rate, let me tell my secret, let me repeat it twenty more times, just as dreary, just as insignificant!
‘I am the slave of the infernal Bridegroom, he who was the ruin of the foolish virgins. He really is that very demon. He is not a ghost, he is not a phantom. But I who’ve lost my reason, damned and dead to the world – they won’t kill me! How can I describe him to you! I no longer even know how to speak. I’m in mourning, I cry, I’m afraid. A little coolness, Lord, if you would, if you only would!
‘I am a widow… – I was a widow... – yes, I was really serious once; I wasn’t born to become a skeleton!...


Hysteria brings discredit

The Virgin, made a fool of, gets out of breath articulating how tangible her demon is, in order to protect herself from being discredited by the prevalent deadly grasp of hysteria. The harmless Virgin, oppressed by a domineering Bridegroom, and restrained by an authoritarian society’s expectation, undermines her own insignificant martyrdom and bleak existence, even as she mourns the demise of her poor damned soul.



He was hardly more than a child… His mysterious delicacies had seduced me. I forgot all my human obligations to follow him. What a life! Real life is absent. We are not in the world. I go where he goes, I have to. And often he flies into a rage against me, me the poor soul. The Demon! He is a demon, you know, he is not a man.


Self-abandonment

Seduced by the Evil One, she becomes her persecutor’s shadow, feeling that she has no other choice but to leave her fate tied to his. Because she believes it is her duty, as a partner, she forces herself to follow him, and thus loses her humanity in a steady descent into hell.



‘He says: ‘I don’t like women: love must be reinvented, it’s obvious. All they can hope for is a secure position. Once that’s achieved, heart and beauty are put aside: nothing left but cold disdain, the food of marriage nowadays. Or else, I see women with the signs of happiness, women I could have made my friends, devoured instead by brutes with as much feeling as a stake...’
‘I listen to him turning infamy into glory, cruelty into a charm.


The weight of patriarchal society

Now the Demon speaks for patriarchy, making women responsible for miserable romantic relationships. Yet, men’s merciless cruelty is to blame for eating away at the empathetic beauty of women they seduce. Spouses lose their looks and grieve their single lives to the advantage of immaculate, cheerful misses with a gullible thus irresistibly mouthwatering heart.



‘I come from a far-off race; my ancestors were Scandinavian: they used to pierce their sides, drink their blood. I’ll slash myself all over, I’ll tattoo myself, I want to become hideous as a Mongol: you’ll see, I’ll run howling through the streets. I want to go mad with rage. Never show me jewels, I’d grovel and writhe on the carpet. I’d want my fortune stained with blood. I’ll never work.’
‘There were nights his demon seized me, and we rolled around. I’d wrestle with him! Often at night, he lies in wait for me, drunk, in the streets or the houses, to scare me to death. ‘They really will slit my throat; it’ll be disgusting!’ Oh! Those days he goes about with an air of crime!
‘Sometimes he speaks, in a kind of tender dialect, of death that brings repentance, of unhappy people who surely exist, of hard labour, of partings that tear the heart. In dives where we’d get drunk, he’d weep thinking of those around us, cattle of misery. He lifted up drunks in the dark streets. He had the pity of a bad mother for little children – He would disappear with the grace of a little girl at her catechism. He pretended to be enlightened about everything: business, art, medicine – I followed him, I had to!


Narcissists' inconsistent behaviour

The Virgin’s foolishness is fuelled by the Bridegroom’s infernal double game, whose mask is sculpted from altruistic and heavenly words hiding the evil face of his narcissistic being. His behaviour is destructive, violent, and indifferent to the misery of his lover. Deprived of her own emotions, she fights the Devil’s deliriums as if they were her own.



‘I could see all the scenery with which he surrounded himself in his mind: clothes, fabric, furniture: I lent him arms, another face. I saw everything that touched him as he would have liked to create it for himself. When his mind seemed absent, I followed him in strange and complicated actions, far off, good or evil: I was sure of never entering his world. Beside his dear sleeping body, how many hours of the night I’ve kept watch, trying to discover why he so longed to escape reality. No man ever had such a wish.


Idolatry of an avoidant partner

Fascinated by a strange and complicated Bridegroom, the Virgin feels she must remain aloof and observant because she is unable to grasp the reality of a man that’s so peculiar. In her eyes, that of a fanatical handmaid, his uniqueness propels him on an ascension from Hell to Heaven, from a Demon to an Angel. He becomes irreplaceable. 



I realized – without any fear for him – that he could be a serious threat to society. Perhaps he has secrets for changing life? No, he is only looking for them, I told myself. In short, his charity is bewitched, and I am his prisoner. No other soul would have strength enough – strength of despair! – to endure it, to be protected and loved by him. Besides, I never imagined myself with another soul – one sees one’s own Angel, never the Angel of another – I believe.


Stockholm syndrome

Far from being weak and ignorant – too frequently misdiagnosed as a fatalistic fate for victims of perversity –, as the hostage of a beguiling gaoler, with Scandinavian airs, she endures the pernicious evil spells of her dark Angel, from whom she can no longer free herself, with courage and a clear head.



I was in his soul as in a palace that had been emptied so that no one should see anyone as worthless as you: that’s all. Oh! I was really dependent on him. But what did he want with my dull and cowardly existence? He wasn’t making me any better, if he wasn’t driving me to death! Sadly vexed, sometimes I said to him: ‘I understand you’. He would shrug his shoulders.
‘Thus, my sorrow constantly renewed, and seeming in my own eyes more bewildered than ever – as in all the eyes of those who would have wanted to stare at me if I hadn’t been condemned to oblivion by everyone forever!


Lack of self-love

The Virgin discards her self-esteem behind the gold-plated bars of a hellish dungeon set ablaze. Shut away in the shadows her off-white dress as it is exposed to self-loathing fades, and her self-preservation fervour burns away. Amidst the indifference of her appalling jailer, her miraculously saved skeleton is doomed to oblivion.



– I hungered more and more for his kindness. With his kisses and his friendly arms, it really was heaven, a sombre heaven which I entered and where I longed to be left, poor, deaf, dumb, blind. I was already used to it. I saw us as two good children, free to wander in a Paradise of sadness. We got along. Deeply moved, we used to work together.


Emotional dependency

Now that she is incapable of kindness to herself, the ghost of the late foolish Virgin is once again enslaved to the arbitrary mood swings of her infernal and cursed Angel. As his caresses become scarcer, she recalls with nostalgia the wonderful times of her life, free from the fetters hauling her burnt soul back into the abyss. Made invisible on earth, trapped in Limbo, she turns to the celestial, yet cloudy, ease of the heavens, searching for one last glimmer of hope.



But, after a penetrating caress, he would say: ‘How strange it will seem to you when I’m no longer here, after all you’ve been through. When you no longer have my arms beneath your neck, nor my heart to rest upon, nor these lips upon your eyes. Because I must go away, very far, someday. Since I must help others: it’s my duty. Although it’s hardly tempting... dear soul...’


Failure to commit

Unable to engage in any form of emotional attachment, the sadistic Bridegroom threatens to take away the last anointing his devoted fantom is clinging to. Weary of a charred Virgin, he takes great delight in his all-powerful nature and uses twice as many altruistic excuses to go away and devour the appetizing hearts of immaculate singles.



All of a sudden, I saw myself with him gone, reeling, hurled into the most horrifying darkness: death. I made him promise never to leave me. He made it twenty times, that lover’s promise. It was as futile as me saying to him: ‘I understand you’.
‘Ah! I’ve never been jealous of him. I don’t believe he’ll leave me. What would become of him? He knows no one, he will never work. He wants to live as a sleepwalker. Would his kindness and his charity alone give him the right to live in the real world?


Fear of abandonment

Already buried in a dungeon, the prospect that her unfaithful guard dog could abandon her enshrouds her in even tighter anguish and psychological pain. Trapped in purgatory, the foolish – or rather, devastated – Virgin sinks into jealousy which doesn’t come naturally to her. She pleas continuously to ward off the coup de grâce, but loses faith. Self-conviction is now her last resort.



Sometimes for a moment I forget the pitiful state I’ve fallen into: he’ll make me strong, we’ll travel, we’ll hunt in the deserts, we’ll sleep on the streets of unknown cities, without care, without trouble. Or I will wake up, and the laws and customs will have changed – thanks to his magic power – the world, while still the same, will leave me to my desires, joys, nonchalance.


Finding a safe place within imaginary psychological fantasies

Trapped in a tightening noose of anxiety and despair, the indomitable survivor establishes a coping mechanism. Aware that the sombre heaven sky is stormy, she finds shelter in her own comforting phantasmagorical delusions.



Oh! The adventurous life of children’s books – to reward me, I’ve suffered so much, will you give me that? He can’t.


Conditioned by fairy tales

She remains untouched by perfect and true love that childhood literature had promised her. The projects she had envisioned for the future, shaped according to her fallen dreams, now burn with the fire of Hell. As her fantasies fade, her unbearable torture is rekindled. A sense of injustice strikes the naive dreamer.



I know nothing of his ideals. He’s told me he has regrets, hopes: they can’t have anything to do with me. Does he speak to God? Maybe I should call on God. I am at the bottom of the abyss, and I no longer know how to pray.


Lack of communication

Fearful of annoying her heartless persecutor with her petty agony, the unfortunate Virgin dares not chase the chimera of a dialogue with him. She believes she is cursed and solely responsible for her devotion to the Devil. Therefore, she considers calling on the divine, yet she has fallen too far, and thinks her secular prayers would not be heard.



‘If he explained to me his sorrows, would I understand them any more than his mockery? He attacks me, he spends hours making me feel ashamed of everything in the world that ever touched me, and becomes indignant if I cry.
“You see that elegant young man going into that calm and lovely house: he’s called Duval, Dufour, Armand, Maurice, what do I know? A woman devoted her life to loving that spiteful idiot: she is dead, she’s certainly a saint in heaven by now. You will kill me as he has killed that woman. That’s the fate of us charitable hearts.’


Self-victimisation as a guilt-tripping technique

The cunning, two-faced, infernal Bridegroom casts perfidious spells masquerading as a good Virgin who is victim to the foolish Virgin’s love. Mocked by a guilt-laden Demon, she is seized with feverish shame and sheds tears of confusion, impervious to the hypocritical sympathy of the saintly Bridegroom in heaven. 



Alas! There were days when all busy men seemed to him like the playthings of grotesque frenzies: he would laugh long and horribly. Then he’d resume his air of a young mother, an elder sister. If he were less savage, we would be saved! But his sweetness is deadly as well. I’m in his thrall. Ah! I’m mad!
–Maybe one day he will miraculously disappear; but I must know if he’ll rise up again to some heaven, so I may see a bit of the assumption of my boyfriend’.


Saviour complex

By forgiving his sadistic mockeries, hidden behind the gentleness of his fine words, the Virgin admits her folly. She can see how her empathetic submission has worked against her. She saves him from damnation by diminishing his accountability, as she would do for a savage psychopath, impaired with moral shortcomings, and a painful lack of empathy.



Funny couple!

A lot less funny when viewed from this perspective, isn’t it?



Column written and translated from French to English by Pénélope Delaur

website: www.editionspepe.comInstagram: @editionspepe    @penelopedelaurMedium: @penelopedelaurSoundCloud: @penelope-delauremail: penelopedelaur@gmail.com
Poem translated from French to English by Holly Tannen and Lydia Rand
Translations proofread and copyedited by Emma Parfitt

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